Summary of Narrative Theories

Izetan Todorov

• We can decode media texts through the use of narrative.
• These instances can be easily identified by noticing how conventions are challenged/changed.
  
  Todorov's theory:
  Equilibrium: a state of peace/normailty.
  Disruption: a conflict/event that is introduced to the narrative.
  -Recognition of disruption: the conflict is noticed by the protagonists.
  -Attempt to repair: the character begins to change, often the case.
  Return: the narrative strands come together as the conflict is resolved.

Vladimir Propp

-Created the principal of 8 character roles and 31 narrative functions

• The Villian.
• The Hero
• The Donor (provides hero with magical property)
• The Helper (aids the hero)
• The Princess (rewards the hero/is object of villain's schemes)
• Princesse's Father (rewards hero)
• The Dispatcher (who sends hero on his way)
• The False Hero

Criticism of Propp:
His theory cannot be applied to all types of narrative, in addition, many narratives have the potential to be sophisticated and therefore deliberately defy the traditional folk tale conventions.
There is not a clear definition of a female hero.
Not all narratives are the same and cannot therefore be clearly categorised as such.

Roland Barthes

- Identified 5 narrative codes. These can be used to decode texts.

- Barthes emphasises active roles of readers, creating meaning. In addition, their 'culturally formed expectations'.

5 codes:

• Action
• Enigma
• Semic
• Symbolic
• Cultural